Quinoa, potatoes, and llamas fueled emergent social complexity in the Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andes.

The Lake Titicaca basin was one of the major centers for cultural development in the ancient world. This lacustrine environment is unique in the high, dry Andean altiplano, and its aquatic and terrestrial resources are thought to have contributed to the florescence of complex societies in this region. Nevertheless, it remains unclear to what extent local aquatic resources, particularly fish, and the introduced crop, maize, which can be grown in regions along the lakeshores, contributed to facilitating sustained food production and population growth, which underpinned increasing social political complexity starting in the Formative Period (1400 BCE to 500 CE) and culminating with the Tiwanaku state (500 to 1100 CE). Here, we present direct dietary evidence from stable isotope analysis of human skeletal remains spanning over two millennia, together with faunal and floral reference materials, to reconstruct foodways and ecological interactions in southern Lake Titicaca over time. Bulk stable isotope analysis, coupled with compound-specific amino acid stable isotope analysis, allows better discrimination between resources consumed across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Together, this evidence demonstrates that human diets predominantly relied on C3 plants, particularly quinoa and tubers, along with terrestrial animals, notably domestic camelids. Surprisingly, fish were not a significant source of animal protein, but a slight increase in C4 plant consumption verifies the increasing importance of maize in the Middle Horizon. These results underscore the primary role of local terrestrial food resources in securing a nutritious diet that allowed for sustained population growth, even in the face of documented climate and political change across these periods.

Madman in the Closet: "Homosexual Panic" in Nineteenth Century New England.

This analysis uses trial records from the 1860s to explore a same-sex male relationship that devolved into panic and murder. The paper's goal is to better understand how, during the middle of the nineteenth century, men who had sexual feeling for other men were forced into spaces that were qualitatively different than our current understanding of "the closet." The paper concludes that what we now call "coming out" was not an option during this era. In telling the story of how Samuel Andrews killed his best friend, Cornelius Holmes, this paper shows that the categories ordinarily presented as symmetrical binary oppositions in contemporary times-homo/heterosexual, closeted/out-did not work for Andrews and Holmes, and probably did not and could not have worked for others living under similar conditions.

Florence Nightingale e a arte de enfermagem: texto e contexto da Inglaterra Vitoriana / Florence Nightingale y el arte de la enfermería: texto y contexto de la Inglaterra Victoriana / Florence Nightingale and the art of nursing: text and context of Victorian England

Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre a figura pública de Florence Nightingale, suas realizações, Reforma Sanitária e a criação da Escola de Enfermeiras, e compreender o nascimento da enfermagem como profissão. Método partiu-se da literatura de um quadro das pressões sociais que agiam sobre o comportamento individual de Florence Nightingale e dos marcos divisórios aparentes, que entendemos como a densidade das relações sócio-históricas, e o seu tempo social. Análise sócio-histórica da história de vida de Florence Nightingale e da literatura social de Charles Dickens. O marco temporal compreendeu da promulgação da New Poor Law (1.834) à revogação (1.601). Resultados Florence Nightingale foi uma mulher adiante do seu tempo que, contrariando as teorias do Darwinismo social de sua época, criou a profissão da enfermeira, e produziu uma clivagem na profissão definindo-a como ciência e arte. Conclusão e implicações para a enfermagem ao criar a figura emblemática da Dama da Lâmpada, Florence Nightingale gravou no cuidado de enfermagem, o zelo, o desvelo e a compaixão, aqui entendida como empatia e piedade com o sofrimento do outro acompanhada do desejo de minorá-lo, uma participação espiritual na dor do outro.

Resumen Objetivo reflexionar sobre la figura pública de Florence Nightingale, sus logros, Reforma Sanitaria y la creación de la Escuela de Enfermeras, y comprender el nacimiento de la enfermería como profesión. Método se partió de la literatura de un cuadro de las presiones sociales sobre el comportamiento individual de Florence Nightingale y de los marcos divisorios aparentes que se entiende como la densidad de las relaciones socio histórico y su tiempo social. Análisis socio histórico de la historia de vida de Florence Nightingale y de la literatura social de Charles Dickens. El marco temporal se comprendió entre la promulgación del New Poor Law en 1834 y su revocación promulgada en 1601. Resultados Florence Nightingale fue una mujer adelante a su tiempo que, contrariando las teorías del Darwinismo social de su época, creó la profesión de enfermera, y produjo una mirada embrionaria en la profesión definiéndola como ciencia y arte. Conclusión e implicaciones para la enfermería al crear la figura emblemática de la Dama de la Lámpara, Florence Nightingale registró en el cuidado de enfermería, el celo, el cuidado y la compasión, entendido aquí como empatía y piedad con el sufrimiento del otro acompañado del deseo de una disminución, una participación espiritual en el dolor del otro.

Abstract Objective to reflect on Florence Nightingale's public figure, her achievements, Health Care Reform and the creation of the School for Nurses, and understand the birth of nursing as a profession. Method a framework of the social pressures acting on Florence Nightingale's individual behavior and the apparent dividing marks, which we understand as the density of socio-historical relations, and her social time, was drawn from the literature. This is a socio-historical analysis of Florence Nightingale's life story and Charles Dickens' social literature. The time frame spanned from the enactment of the New Poor Law (1834) to the repeal (1601). Results Florence Nightingale was a woman ahead of her time who, going against the theories of social Darwinism of her time, created the nurse profession, and produced a divide in the profession by defining it as science and art. Conclusion and implications for nursing by creating the emblematic figure of the Lady of the Lamp, Florence Nightingale engraved in nursing care, zeal, devotion, and compassion, here understood as empathy and pity for the suffering of others accompanied by the desire to alleviate it, a spiritual participation in the pain of others.

[From "culprits" to "victims:" the expansion and professionalization of the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century]. / De "culpables" a "víctimas": expansión y profesionalización del sistema de salud en la provincia Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX.

From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy.

Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.

'A disastrous blow': psychiatric risk, social indicators and medical authority in abortion reform in post-war Britain.

The Second World War lent impetus to the creation of new models and explanatory frameworks of risk, encouraging a closer reading of the relationship between individual psychiatric disorder and social disarray. This article interrogates how conceptions of psychiatric risk were animated in debates around abortion reform to forge new connections between social conditions and psychiatric vulnerability in post-war Britain. Drawing upon the arguments that played out between medical practitioners, I suggest that abortion reform, culminating in the 1967 Abortion Act, was both a response to and a stimulus for new ideas about the interaction between social aetiologies and medical pathologies; indeed, it became a site in which the medical and social domains were recognised as mutually constitutive. Positioned in a landscape in which medical professionals were seeking to assert their authority and to defend their areas of practice, abortion reform offered new opportunities for medical professionals to intervene in the social sphere under the guise of risk to women's mental health. The debate in medical journals around the status of issues that were seen to bridge the social and the medical were entangled with increasing anxiety about patient agency and responsibility. These concerns were further underscored as conversations about psychiatric risk extended towards considerations of the potential impact on women's existing families, bringing domestic conditions and the perceived psychosocial importance of family life into relief within medical journals. This article, then, argues that conceptions of psychiatric risk, as refracted through the creation of new synapses connecting the social and the medical domains, were critical to medical debates over abortion reform in post-war Britain.

De "culpables" a "víctimas": expansión y profesionalización del sistema de salud en la provincia Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX / From "culprits" to "victims": the expansion and professionalization of the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century

RESUMEN Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.

ABSTRACT From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy.

Aproximación crítica al sentido de la reparación en salud en población sobreviviente de violencia política en Chile / Critical approach to the meaning of the health service in population surviving political violence in Chile

Este trabajo pretende realizar un contraste histórico del sentido de la reparación en salud en pacientes sobrevivientes de represión política de la dictadura cívico militar en Chile; para ello se realizó una revisión y análisis sistemático y simultáneo de los documentos y otros antecedentes e información secundaria relacionada con el fenómeno; caracterizando el mismo en dos momentos: la resistencia, signada por la reivindicación de verdad y justicia, y la institucionalización, identificada como verdad y reconciliación, traducida en compensación material; mostrando como la reparación transita desde la solidaridad, a transmutar en dispositivo de gobernanza y control, instrumental al modelo de sociedad neoliberal en construcción en Chile y en desmedro de la verdad y la justicia como objetivos de la reparación(AU)

This work aims to make a contrast historical consciousness of repair in patients surviving for health political repression of civic dictatorship military in Chile; it conducted a review and systematic and simultaneous analysis of documents and other records, and secondary information related to the phenomenon; characterizing the same at two times: resistance, marked by the demand for truth and justice, and institutionalization, identified as truth and reconciliation, translated into material compensation; showing how to repair goes since solidarity, to transmute into governance and control, instrumental to the model of neoliberal society under construction in Chile and at the expense of truth and justice as objectives of repair(AU)

Like a jar of flies? A study of self-control in an organizational social dilemma with large stakes.

We study the practice of self-control in an organizational social dilemma when the stakes are large, using 47 years of vital census data from 18th century Sweden. From 1750 to 1800, eighty percent of Sweden lived in a simple-structure organization called a bytvång or village commons. The amount of resources a village family received was a function of their size. During this period, crop failures left the population facing starvation. Using autoregressive time-series modeling, we test whether the people of Sweden continued to take steps toward increasing the stress on the commons by marrying and birthing children or practiced self-control. We find evidence that the peasantry-with little education, archaic agricultural practices, strong barriers to abortion and infanticide, and pressures by the Church and State to procreate-were less likely to marry and birth children (in or outside of wedlock) when the quality of the previous year's harvest was poor compared to when it was bounteous. Post hoc analyses support the idea that the reason behind declining fertility after a famine was human decision rather than human physiology. Our findings are consistent with the idea that human population growth is not a social dilemma called a collective trap-which has been the assumption for 50 years. Rather, human population growth may be an individual dilemma-suggesting that members of simple-structured organizations can unilaterally exercise self-control and manage resources through self-organizing.

Faustino Pérez Hernández, honestidad y entrega / Faustino Pérez Hernández, honesty and consecration

La historia de Cuba la han hecho sus mejores hijos. Entre los que contribuyeron protagónicamente a la etapa que condujo al triunfo de 1959 y la construcción de la sociedad socialista se destaca Faustino Pérez Hernández, fruto de la tierra espirituana ligado a la historia matancera por más de una página de honestidad y entrega. El principal hospital de la provincia de Matanzas, ubicado en su capital, lleva su nombre. El presente trabajo pretende, en su brevedad, despertar la necesidad de conocer más profundamente su vida y su obra (AU).

Cuban history has been made by its best children. Faustino Perez, born in Sancti Spiritus and linked to Matanzas by more than one page of honesty and devotion, is among the ones who played the most important roles in the stage leading to the triumph of 1959 revolution and the socialist construction. The main hospital of the province of Matanzas, located in its capital, is named after him. The current work pretends to arouse the necessity of knowing deeply his life and his work (AU).

Territorios de mayor vulnerabilidad social en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Recorrido en perspectiva histórica sobre aspectos estructurales no resueltos / Territories with the greatest social vulnerability in Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: Tour in historical perspective on aspects unresolved structural

A pesar de los avances de las últimas décadas, en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires persisten situaciones de desigualdad y de fragmentación del territorio urbano. Es la zona sur el territorio en el que viven los grupos sociales más vulnerables y donde se concentra un conjunto de derechos incumplidos; allí, distintos indicadores presentan importantes distancias al compararlos con la Ciudad en su conjunto. En este trabajo, se identifican los territorios de mayor vulnerabilidad recortando el área comprendida por las Comunas 4, 8 y 9, además de las dos grandes villas de la Ciudad: la Villa 1-11-14 y la Villa 31 y 31 bis. A partir de esta diferenciación, se abordan aspectos de la conformación histórica y de la situación social, demográfica y educativa en clave espacial sobre la base de diferentes recursos de información (censos de población, encuesta de hogares, censo de infraestructura escolar, georreferenciación) y de un conjunto de entrevistas. (AU)

Transformations in Emotional Structures Throughout History.

Today, in my view, we can on the basis of the psychohistorical research understand the dynamic line of historical processes, and in particular the process of the development of our modern way of viewing the world. I try to describe in this development by bringing together European and American psychohistorical research. A deeper understanding of the psychic and social dimensions of historical development can be a resource for political action. In the global world it is important to both manage the mutual dealings between diverse cultural regions and support constructive interactions. This is only possible when the internal dynamics and the individual characteristics of the cultural developments in the regions can be taken into account. At the present stage of discussion, which talks of a "clash of cultures" and ultimately ends in military intervention, it is blatantly obvious that every potential for understanding and dealing relevantly with each other, should be exploited as provided for by the contributions of psychohistory.

A Síndrome da Exclusão Social: compreensão das origens da violência/ contraviolência no Brasil / The social exclusion syndrome: comprehension of the violence/counter-violence origins in Brazil

A indiferença humana no Brasil desde o início da colonização tem produzido e perpetuado o fenômeno da exclusão social. Um exemplo é a escravidão que durou cerca de 350 anos. Esse fenômeno excludente materializa-se ao produzir uma diversidade de fatores de risco biopsicossociais impactantes desde a gestação e em todos os períodos do ciclo de vida, acumulando e deixando sequelas profundas. Na década de 80 ocorreu interação sinérgica perversa entre o fenômeno da exclusão social e a entrada das drogas no nosso meio. A criança maior, o adolescente e o adulto jovem, muitas vezes socialmente vulneráveis, encontraram nas drogas duas possibilidades: a primeira, usar e abusar de drogas por várias razões, entre elas, baixa autoestima, para aliviar ansiedade e depressão, raiva; devido a uma personalidade extrovertida, impulsividade e inclinação ao comportamento de risco. E a segunda possibilidade, "empoderadora", entrar para o tráfico como meio de subir na vida e também por razões subjetivas. Esses caminhos quase sempre resultam em dependência química, "overdose", hospitalizações, práticas de atos infracionais, prisões, mortes e homicídios. O estudo indica que primariamente ocorreu violência histórica contra esse contingente populacional e que, muitas vezes, essa violência desencadeia um fenômeno também complexo, a contraviolência. A abordagem da violência/contraviolência deve focar, simultaneamente, sua origem (cultura da indiferença) e as consequências (fatores de risco e impactos biopsicossociais).(AU)

The human indifference in Brazil since the beginning of colonization has produced and perpetuated the phenomenon of social exclusion. The example is the slavery, which lasted about 350 years. This exclusive phenomenon has materialized itself as it has produced a diversity of biopsychosocial risk factors, which has impacted the individuals in all their life cycle periods from the gestation, accumulating and leaving their effects. In the 80's there was a perverse synergic interaction between the phenomenon of social exclusion and the entrance of drugs in our environment. The older child, the teenager and the young adult, socially vulnerables, find in drugs two possibilities: first, use and abuse of drugs for many reasons such as low self-esteem, to alleviate depression, anxiety and anger; due to an outgoing personality, impulsivity and more inclined to take risks; second possibility, "empowering", entering the drug trade as a way of getting ahead in life and also for subjective reasons. These pathways often always result in addiction, "overdose", hospitalization, infraction acts practice and also, arrests, deaths and homicides. The study of these cases in our history context shows that we face a primary historical violence against a huge population group that often this violence triggers a complex phenomenon, the counter-violence. The approach of violence/counter-violence should focus, simultaneously, on both the origin (culture of indifference) and the consequences (risk factors and biopsychosocial impacts).(AU)

The Imperialism of Historical Arrogance: Where Is the Past in the DSM's Idea of Sexuality?

This article questions the historical awareness of the DSM-5 by investigating first the treatment of prostitution from the Victorian period to today as a means of medicalizing desire; and second, by looking at the category of hebephilia, where modern medicalizing classifications are criticized for ignoring ancient evidence. By this comparative method, the article shows how ignoring historical evidence allows the social and ideological elements in the work of defining psychological sexual diseases to remain concealed.

[Critical mass, explosive participation at the Max-Planck Institute about research of the living conditions of the scientific-technical world in Starnberg]. / Kritische Masse, explosive Mitbestimmung am Max- Planck-Institut zur Erforschung der Lebensbedingungen der wissenschaftlich-technischen Welt in Starnberg.

Reviewers of the Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung der Lebensbedingungen der wissenschaftlich-technischen Welt (MPIL) did focus upon an abundance of vague reports of evaluative commissions, of benchmarking, of scientific modes. Thus it remained rather neglected, what staff actually had researched. An example: Progression and end of project AKR (Work-Consumption-Assessment) does display all kinds of related emotions at MPIL, and the sensitive guidance by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker.

["The hard core". Science between politics and philosophy by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and in the finalization theory]. / "Der harte Kern". Wissenschaft zwischen Politik und Philosophie bei Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker und in der Finalisierungstheorie.

In the Starnberg Max-Planck Institute one of the working groups was concerned with science as the formative condition--or "hard core"--of societal modernity, and with science as potential resource for solving social problems and addressing future goals. More precisely, the group intended to differentiate between phases in which scientific disciplines predominantly care for their own paradigmatic completion and those allowing their theoretical potential resonate with external needs. The conceptual model was coined "finalization in science". It soon provoked a heated controversy on the dangers of social control of science. The paper analyses Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's views on the relation between philosophy and policy of science including his interpretation of Thomas Kuhn and reconstructs the impact of his ideas on the finalization model. It finally reflects on the relationship between science development and change of consciousness in the context of scientific responsibility for (the use of) research outcomes.

[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and the Society of German Scientists]. / Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker und die Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler.

The Federation of German Scientists (VDW) was founded in 1959 as West-German pendant of the Federation of American Scientists and as West-German group of the Pugwah Conferences. From the beginning, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker played a leading role in the VDW and pleaded for influencing politicians by scientifically and politically uncontestable studies, in the 1960s mainly of the effects of nuclear war and world food affairs. These studies were conducted by a research institute in Hamburg funded by external funds, industry and banks. It was the nucleus of the "Max Planck Institute for living conditions of the technical-industrial world" founded in Starnberg in 1969. Due to a "super inheritance", the research institute was continued in addition to the Starnberg institute. Young Marxist social scientists published several studies here which the executive board of the VDW disapproved of. Numerous prominent members left the VDW, donations decreased rapidly. In 1975, the research institute was closed down.

["...such refuges are the collections and museums, which represent the current aspects of science, and prepare for its future". Social aspects of anatomy and the collections of the Vienna medical faculty, 1790 - 1840]. / "...solche Asyle sind die Sammlungen und Museen, welche die Gegenwart der Wissenschaft darstellen, und ihre Zukunft vorbereiten". Soziale Aspekte der Anatomie und ihrer Sammlungen an der Wiener Medizinischen Fakultät, 1790-1840.

This paper arises out of my research which I have been conducting in the context of my dissertation project. It explores the relationship between teaching, research and collecting practices in Viennese anatomy during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. In a time in which Viennese medicine tried to reinvent itself through both the creation of a new curriculum and several other institutional measures the practice of establishing comparative and human anatomical collections can be seen as a strategic key field of action. By concentrating on scientific journals, popular texts, catalogues, correspondences and specimens this paper aims at revealing specific social systems which must be understood as parts of the 'social history' of Viennese anatomy. By looking closely at these social aspects of anatomical teaching and research, this work tries to contribute to recent discussions addressed by historians of science and medicine.

Metamorfoses da medicalização e seus impactos na família brasileira / Metamorphoses of the social medicalization and its impacts on the Brazilian family

O artigo tematiza os traços culturais e políticos do fenômeno da medicalização que se instituiu na sociabilidade brasileira por meio da moralização da família, nos moldes da ideologia higienista "cidadã". O estudo baseou-se na revisão de pesquisas historiográficas, contextualizando o surgimento da cidadania associada à forma como o higienismo, o saber especializado, sobretudo médico, e o controle social sobre a família, emolduraram perfis de indivíduos aptos à civilidade societária. Analisam-se os mecanismos do Estado para alinhar as políticas públicas emergentes à legitimação do modelo biologizante e seus reflexos na produção de conhecimentos ratificadores da ordem posta. Por fim, o artigo aborda as repercussões entre o passado e o presente e os dispositivos de afirmação da ideologia capitalista sobre a família brasileira, por meio da reatualização do fenômeno da medicalização. Conclui-se que o substrato desse tempo histórico configurou um projeto societário que permanece em movimento para a conservação do ideário que lhe deu origem e sustentação. Se, no passado, a obediência aos especialistas era o ícone da higiene-cidadã, atualmente cobra-se dos cidadãos e das famílias uma postura ativa na preservação da saúde e do ambiente como se esses bens coletivos estivessem ao alcance individual, desconsiderando os determinantes das iniquidades em saúde.

This paper approaches the cultural, political and social traits of the medicalization phenomenon that has instituted the Brazilian sociability through the education and moralization of the family according to icons of a "citizenship" hygienist ideology. The study is based on review of historical research, which points to the context of origin of the citizenship notion, associated to social pattern how the hygiene, the expertise knowledge, especially medical and the social control over the family were framing profiles of infants and young suitable for the civilian society. The research analyses the devices that the State used to align emerging public policies to legitimize the biological pattern of sociability in the production of knowledge that ratifies the order placed. Finally the text reflects on the relations between the past and the present, examining the strategic devices of affirmation of the hegemonic ideology of the capitalist regulation on the Brazilian family, through the medicalization of contemporary social life, in its updating dimensions. It is concluded that the pattern of this historical time configured the project of a defined society that remains in constant movement and change to preserve the dominant ideology that gave origin and support to it. If in the past, the obedience to the experts were the moral rule of the good hygienic citizenship, today citizens and families are reminded about the active attitude to preserve health and environment, as these collective goods could depend from the individual responsibility, no having in count the social determinants of iniquities in health.